Based on the waveform data of 5076 local earthquakes recorded at 25 stations of Xinjiang during the period of 2009~2014 and the observation reports provided by the Xinjiang Digital Seismic Network,a data set of 19140 attenuation factor t^* is obtained by fitting the high-frequency attenuation of S wave spectra with genetic algorithm. The spatial distribution of Q_S is determined by inverting the data of t^* with seismic tomography. The results show that the average Q₀ in the eastern Tianshan is 520,there is a significant correlation between Q_S value distribution or attenuation characteristics it disclosed and the surface structure of the study area. Q_S value is lower in the intersection area of mountain basin which locates north and south sides of the Tianshan Mountains,and the high Q_S distribution concentrates more inside the Tianshan orogenic belt. The M ≥ 6.0 earthquakes are basically located in low-Q_S region since 1900. 24 high heat flow points in eastern Tianshan locate in north and south sides of Tianshan Mountains where low-Q_S,indicates a negative correlation. In addition,there is a positive correlation between the velocity structure and the attenuation structure in the study area,reflecting the consistency of a 2-D structure of the attenuation,velocity and the structure of the two-dimensional density.